On 11/12/06, Nicola Paolucci <
[hidden email]> wrote:
> Hi All,
>
> I'm loving learning Haskell quite a bit.
> It is stretching my brain but in a delightfull way.
>
> I've googled, I've hoogled but I haven't found a clear explanation for
> what exactly liftM2 does in the context below.
>
> Using the cool lambdabot "pointless" utility I found out that:
>
> > \x -> snd(x) - fst(x)
>
> is the same as:
>
> > liftM2 (-) snd fst
>
> I like the elegance of this but I cannot reconcile it with its type. I
> can't understand it.
> I check the signature of liftM2 and I get:
>
> Prelude> :t liftM2
> Prelude> liftM2 :: (Monad m) => (a1 -> a2 -> r) -> m a1 -> m a2 -> m r
>
> Can someone help me understand what's happening here ?
> What does a Monad have to do with a simple subtraction ?
> What is actually the "m" of my example ?
>
> I am sure if I get this I'll be another step closer to illumination ...
>
> Thanks,
> Nick
Hi Nick!
The monad instance which is being used here is the instance for ((->)
e) -- that is, functions from a fixed type e form a monad.
So in this case:
liftM2 :: (a1 -> a2 -> r) -> (e -> a1) -> (e -> a2) -> (e -> r)
I bet you can guess what this does just by contemplating the type. (If
it's not automatic, then it's good exercise) Now, why does it do that?
Well, in general,
liftM2 f x y = do
u <- x
v <- y
return (f u v)
So, it runs each of the computations you give it to get parameters for
f, and then returns the result of applying f to them.
In the ((->) e) monad, (which is often called the reader monad,
because it's isomorphic to it), running a computation just means
passing it the environment of type e. So in the reader monad, the
environment is passed to each of x and y, to get u and v respectively,
and then the value of (f u v) is returned. To translate, this is like:
liftM2 f x y e = f (x e) (y e)
of course, just for this particular monad.
Another nice example is join. In general,
join :: (Monad m) => m (m a) -> m a
join x = do
y <- x
z <- y
return z
or simply,
join x = do
y <- x
y
In the reader monad, join has type (e -> e -> a) -> (e -> a), and it's
somewhat obvious what it must be doing -- it must take the value of
type e that it gets, and use it for both of the parameters of the
function it gets in order to produce a value of type a. You can see by
interpreting the do-notation that this is what happens in a curried
way. First x is passed the environment, then its result (the partially
applied function) is passed that environment.
So, for instance, join (*) 5 will result in 25.
The reader monad and functor instances are interesting, and worth
exploring. There are some rather interesting idioms which can be
obtained in this way. A nice one is:
ap (,) f
being the function (\x -> (x, f x)), which is handy for mapping across
lists of x-coordinates in making plots of functions.
Let us know if you need more detail about anything here. I sort of
skipped over some details in the presentation. (You might want to work
out exactly what return and bind do in this monad in order to
understand things completely -- you can work them out from the types
alone.)
- Cale
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